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The impact of ALA on metabolism becomes even more complex, given that ALA is an essential endogenous substance for all living cells and functions as a cofactor in various enzyme systems [1]

External general factors related to stress, climate, or living environment (urban/rural)

When any of the key ETC genes are deficient or ETC action is inhibited, the number of ROS increase, and high levels of accumulated ROS may induce ferroptosis

TJs, the principal regulators of paracellular permeability (62), are a network of proteins located at the apex of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells, including claudins (63), tight junction-associated marvel proteins (TAMPs) such as occludin (64), junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) (65), and intracellular scaffold proteins, such as zonula occludens (ZO), and tricellulin (66)