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Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) is derived from two flavoprotein coenzymes: flavin adenine mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are important rate-limiting factors in cellular enzymatic processes [20]

MMA (methylmalonic acid) is even more specific (considered the gold standard in testing for B12 deficiency)

By monitoring their diet and watching out for such subtle changes in their pregnancy urine color, expectant mothers can make sure that both they and their babies stay healthy throughout the pregnancy period

Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease