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3.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM leads to peripheral insulin resistance, whereas impaired insulin signaling pathways in the brains of patients with AD lead to brain insulin resistance, both of which are closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction and OS (Zhang et al., 2023)

Data from numerous clinical trials primarily evaluating the antihyperglycemic effects of multiple GLP-1 RAs have also revealed that changes in most CVD risk markers reported as secondary outcomes have been in favor of GLP-1 RAs treatment

Regarding the implication of GLP-1RA in the process of protein folding, liraglutide has been shown to decrease MPTP-induced -syn aggregation in mice [86]

Clinical Therapeutics