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Introduction With the assistance of prediction and decipherment of recombinant cDNA clones, it has been claimed that the anglerfish preproglucagon cDNA encodes a different glucagon-related peptide ( Biological Characteristics of GLP-1 It is well-known that GLP-1 has manifold forms processed from proglucagon, such as GLP-1 (137), GLP-1 (7-36 amide), and GLP-1 (737) ( via the prohormone convertase 2 (PCSK2) and prohormone convertase 1/3 (PCSK1/3) as shown in Box 1

The primary mechanism of action involves: Enhancing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, which helps lower blood sugar levels without causing hypoglycaemia when glucose levels are normal [3] [4] Suppressing glucagon release , thereby reducing glucose production by the liver Slowing gastric emptying , which prolongs the feeling of fullness after meals Acting on appetite centres in the brain , particularly the hypothalamus, to reduce hunger and food intake When administered as medication, GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic these natural effects but with enhanced duration and potency

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 28.Heding LG

Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that inadequate weight loss after BS is often associated with increased appetite and an unfavorable postoperative gut hormone profile, including reduced circulating GLP-1 levels [25, 26]