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Heart rate elevation and autonomic effects One of the most consistent physiological effects observed with GLP-1 RAs is a modest, dose-dependent increase in heart rate, typically ranging from 2 to 5 beats per minute

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Yet despite these benefits, some patients taking GLP-1 medications report serious gastrointestinal issues (such as gastroparesis and bowel obstruction) and, in other cases, vision injuries claims that now form the backbone of ongoing litigation

These findings are concordant with those of observational studies that have also observed a decreased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events when comparing the GLP-1 receptor agonist-SGLT-2 inhibitor combination with different types of comparators: sulfonylurea-GLP-1 receptor agonist combination (hazard ratio 0.67, 0.59 to 0.89),30 metformin-sulfonylurea combination (hazard ratio 0.53, 0.35 to 0.80),31 and other combination regimens (odds ratio 0.70, 0.50 to 0.98).19 As these studies compared the GLP-1 receptor agonist-SGLT2 inhibitor combination with other drug combinations, they were designed to answer different clinical questions.193031 By contrast, our study was specifically designed to determine whether the add-on of a GLP-1 receptor agonist or an SGLT-2 inhibitor versus either drug class alone results in additional benefits on cardiovascular and renal outcomes