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A first violation results in a written warning from the Department of Health or the Department of Labor and Workforce Development

Therefore, mechanism that may lead to different bacteria profiles among smokers may be due to exposure to bacteria in cigarettes, leading to bacterial acquisition and colonization

State Cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, e-cigarettes, liquid nicotine, powdered tobacco, herbal cigarettes, electronic cigarettes or other tobacco products, smoking paraphernalia (pipe, water pipe, hookah, rolling papers, vaporizer or any other equipment or apparatus designed for the inhalation of tobacco), bidis, gutka (a product containing lime paste, spices, areca and tobacco) or shisha (tobacco-based product designed to be smoked in a hookah)

Additionally, the data collection process through online Google Forms may have been prone to recall bias and social desirability bias in the case of the participants responses on smoking status and frequency