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A large 2011 meta-analysis including 57 observational studies and over 29,000 men found cigarette smoking had adverse effects on all sperm parameters, including semen volume, sperm density, total sperm counts, and percentage of sperm with progressive motility

Environ Res 191:110015 Li Y, Tong WD, Qian Y (2021) Effect of physical activity on the association between dietary fiber and constipation: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20052010

Psychopharmacology 190 , 343352 (2007)

This interaction suggests that nicotine salt plus menthol flavoring may play an active role in decreasing Mmp12 expression since nicotine and menthol both have an antagonizing effect on 7nAChR signaling, which is linked to Mmp12 [59, 62]