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While western societies have never been better at altering environments, our environmental relationships have never been more volatile

Immune function improves as inflammation caused by smoking decreases and the white blood cell count returns to normal, thereby decreasing the rate of respiratory infections in former smokers ( Although there are limited data available, a meta-analysis of 25 studies published in the Canadian Journal of Anesthesia in 2012 concluded that at least 4 weeks of smoking cessation lowers the risk of respiratory complications compared to current smokers (RR 0.77

It also outlines the approach and scope used for data collection and assurance

Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Haddow JE