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and finally, treatment of non-motor symptoms

Pharmacokinetics: metabolized through the hepatic cytochrome P450 system Side Effects / FDA Warning: The FDA issued a black box warning to indicating an increased risk of heart failure with both pioglitazone & rosiglitazone Long term therapy is associated with a small increase in HDL & LDL & a decrease in Triglycerides The triglyceride lowering effect of pioglitazone is greater than that of rosiglitazone, presumably due to its stimulatory effects on PPAR- (which may be due to decreased osteoblast formation)

Plants counteract these effects through intricate signaling networks involving Ca 2+ sensors, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), which regulate MGT expression and activity (Kaya et al., 2024)

It is being actively studied in metabolic research for its ability to enhance insulin secretion , reduce appetite , improve insulin sensitivity , and support weight loss through central and peripheral mechanisms