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Total ROS Assay The plasma samples underwent analysis using a Total Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Assay Kit 520 nm (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA)

These mutations include gain-of-function mutations of the MC2R, GNAS, the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PRKACA) and PRKACB genes and inactivating mutations of the regulatory subunit R1 of PKA ( PRKAR1A ), and of two cAMP-binding phosphodiesterases ( PDE11A and PDE8B ) genes, mimicking the action of ACTH to stimulate glucocorticoid production, providing a molecular basis for the pathogenesis of primary adrenal Cushing syndrome (22)

Melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

This group and others have shown that the High Mobility Globulin Box 1 Protein (HMGB1) is involved in the activation of RAGE in the RAGE pathway [1,2,52]