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10.1097/BRS.0000000000003150 266 WasslerM.JonassonI.PerssonR.FriesE

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 66.Chen CH, Ho ML, Chang LH, Kang L, Lin YS, Lin SY, et al

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Recent studies have highlighted chitosan, an elicitor of plant defense, enhancing plant resistance to multiple stresses by activating defense-related responses accumulating the antioxidants through synthesis (Phenolics, flavonoids), and upregulating defense enzymes like polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), nonenzymatic components, strengthening plant cell walls, providing a mechanical barrier to biotic stresses like pathogen attacks, boosting the effectiveness of defense enzymes like -1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and chitosanase named pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, enhance plant resistance against different pathogens by breaking down fungal wall polysaccharides and attacking invading pathogens and induces the signaling pathways of phytohormones, directly activating plant defenses against stress [14, 25]