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10.1136/thx.2004.027946 Thorax

The endoplasmic reticulum also has tight restriction on exchange with the cytosol and it, uniquely, maintains an oxidizing redox status to support protein folding and disulfide formation

Both AgNPs and Ag + ions can alter the three-dimensional structure of proteins, disrupt disulfide bonds, and block active binding sites, ultimately impairing bacterial proliferation and contribute to AgNP-mediated cytotoxicity (Lok et al., 2006)

With the progression of HT, these imbalances intensify further, with a substantial decline in beneficial bacteria and heightened dominance of pathogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus , Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter (Sessa et al., 2025)