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Informed consent was obtained from all volunteers

This assay included sequential injections of 2 M Oligomycin (to inhibit ATP synthase (complex V)) and 2 M FCCP (Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone) (to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation by dissipating the proton gradient, allowing for the measurement of maximal respiration) to measure mitochondrial function and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR)

Oxidized galectin-1 in SLE fails to bind the inhibitory receptor VSTM1 and increases reactive oxygen species levels in neutrophils

They are seen in very high numbers in the brains of people with Alzheimers disease, meaning that milk thistle could potentially be used to help treat this difficult condition