l carnitine and gut bacteria microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine cardiovascular risk From gut microbial ecology to

Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 369:20130226 Gabara B, Kuniak E, Skodowska M, Surwka E, Miszalski Z (2012) Ultrastructural and metabolic modifications at the plantpathogen interface in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum leaves infected by Botrytis cinerea

The intestinal mucosal epithelium consists of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, including absorptive enterocytes responsible for nutrient uptake, goblet cells that secrete the gel-forming glycoprotein mucin 2 (MUC2) as the primary constituent of the mucus layer, and Paneth cells residing in the crypt bases which secrete antimicrobial peptides (e.g., defensins, cryptdins) and lysozyme contributing to innate immune defense, and enteroendocrine cells that release hormones regulating intestinal function [10]

Vitamin D may alleviate irritable bowel syndrome by modulating serotonin synthesis: a hypothesis based on recent literature

Turmeric is poorly absorbed, so a high-quality turmeric with good absorbability should be taken