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Stem cell-based bone and dental regeneration: a view of microenvironmental modulation

Moreover, both fluoride and Al 3+ interfere with a number of enzymes, resulting in a significant suppression of cellular energy production and oxidative stress.[237] As pointed out in a previous papers, one must also consider interactions between these two reactive elements within biological systems.[238,240,242] Such interactions occur rapidly, forming aluminofluoride complexes (AlF x ), which allow them to activate hundreds of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) at several times lower concentrations than either Al 3+ or fluoride acting alone

Recent progress in revealing the biological and medical significance of the non-neuronal cholinergic system

14,16 NREM sleep represents about 7580% of total sleep time and is characterized by reduced responsiveness to internal and external stimuli, decreased core body and brain temperatures, lower muscle tone, and slower breathing and heart rates