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Plant foods do not naturally contain active B12 some fortified foods (plant milks, nutritional yeast) and supplements can help, but injections bypass any absorption issues entirely

Spacing doses prevents deficiencies and adverse effects

For example, B12 uptake by the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was shown in vitro to limit the production of Shiga toxin-2 produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) [12]

Whether this observation is solely the consequence of translocation of Parasutterella bacteria from the intestine to the EWAT or driven by more indirect mechanisms such as bacterially-produced metabolites 85 is yet to be determined