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Additionally, priming of PMNs by TNF- induces p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent phosphorylation of p67 phox (Brown et al., 2004), which causes conformational changes in p67 phox , allowing it to interact with gp91 phox (Dang et al., 2006

This delivers concentrated peptide to surrounding tissue while avoiding further trauma to the healing area

Afterward, cell phenotype was examined by testing their senescence level and cartilage formation capacity

Cell viability was calculated as the ratio of the absorbance of treated samples to that of untreated control samples (control absorbance), expressed as a percentage