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Inflammatory damage to the vascular endothelium, which can be partly mediated by excessive iNOS-derived NO, also results in decreased vascular bioavailability of eNOS-derived NO due to impaired eNOS function [[138], [139], [140]]

(2025) 12:e2415341

Prescription and administration: Once B12 deficiency is confirmed, GPs prescribe hydroxocobalamin injections according to standardised protocols: Standard loading regimen: 1mg intramuscularly three times weekly for two weeks Neurological involvement: 1mg intramuscularly on alternate days until no further improvement Maintenance therapy: 1mg every three months for life in pernicious anaemia or malabsorption conditions (or every two months if there was neurological involvement) Injections are typically administered by practice nurses at GP surgeries