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All reported observations remain confined to preclinical and analytical research settings and are presented solely for investigational purposes

In muscle injury model studies, muscle injury (such as trauma, exerciseinduced injury, or diseaserelated damage) triggers a series of pathophysiological processes including myofiber rupture, inflammatory responses, and muscle stem cell activation

In summary, despite many studies indicating the oral administration of vitamin B12 to be easy, effective and less costly than intramuscular administration, their designs, and in some cases their methodological limitations, mean that debate still surrounds the effectiveness of the oral route

Acta Otolaryngol