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Oxidative stress can precipitate DNA damage, leading to genomic instability and the accumulation of mutations that facilitate cancer progression by enabling cells to acquire additional malignant traits

The glutathione metabolism connection is also significant, as this antioxidant helps optimize various metabolic processes that affect energy production and nutrient utilization

Studies have shown that APC transporter proteins play a role in protecting tumor cells by actively transporting intracellular toxic substances or drugs to the extracellular compartment, thereby contributing to chemoresistance (70,71)

The percentage of wound contraction was calculated using a two-step formula comparing the current wound size to the original wound area on Day 0 and converting it to percentage contraction [2]