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Therefore, as shown in Table 2, various types of nanoparticles including nanoemulsions/microemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, vesicular nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles were utilized to enhance skin permeation, improve drug solubility, increase photostability, control the drug release profile, induce longer drug deposition within the skin layers, and therefore enhance the clinical effectiveness of the therapeutic options for melasma treatment

Some potential cons are that its not a purifier, so it wont remove viruses

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species inactivate neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and induce Long-term depression of fast nicotinic synaptic transmission

4.4 Microneedles The skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (205)