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These findings are consistent with broader nanotoxicology literature, including ferric oxide nanoparticle studies, which emphasize macrophage sequestration, oxidative stress markers, and organ-specific histopathology as key endpoints for safety assessment ( Doseresponse trends underscore the dual nature of AgNPs as both therapeutic and potentially toxic agents

Plasma biochemistry Plasma biochemical parameters, such as aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine transaminase (ALT), triacylglycerol (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were determined by an automatic biochemical analyzer (HITACHI 7020, Japan)

The scoring standard for IHC staining adopted the immunoreactive score (IRS) system [15, 16], with the specific rules as follows: the staining intensity of GGCT protein was classified into four grades, where a score of 0 indicated no staining signal, 1 indicated weak positivity, 2 indicated moderate positivity, and 3 indicated strong positivity

Mitochondria, the cell's energy factories, require normal levels of carnitine for optimal function